INT 231 History of Interiors, Art and Furnishings

Spring 2024

Ruth Hernandez Silva

Week 4: Early Christian / Byzantine Design

This week, we learned about the development of Early Christian and Byzantine interior design. These styles emerged after the fall of the Roman Empire and blended Roman architectural elements with new Christian religious and symbolic ideals. Early Christian architecture was modest in character, often using the Roman basilica floor plan for churches. Byzantine design then introduced more richness characterized by domes, mosaics, gold leaf, and an intense focus on heavenly light and symbolism.

Interior of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul – massive dome with golden mosaics

San Vitale, Ravenna – rich mosaics and octagonal plan

Basilica of Santa Sabina, Rome

Interiors were created to dazzle and to symbolize the divine. Rich blues, purples, and golds were characteristic of the deep colors employed, and interiors were adorned with religious iconography, particularly in mosaic. Byzantine architecture is most familiar through the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (modern Istanbul), a feat of engineering and religious splendor.

Ceiling mosaic of Christ Pantocrator – iconic Byzantine image

Capital columns with intricate acanthus leaf carvings

One Step Further

Name: Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles
Who they were: The two architects of the Hagia Sophia (commissioned by Emperor Justinian I in the 6th century). They were mathematicians and engineers who managed to construct one of the most innovative domes in architectural history.

Interesting Facts:

1. The dome of the Hagia Sophia appears to “float” due to the use of pendentives.
2. They combined Roman engineering with new Christian aesthetics.
3. Their work deeply influenced both Islamic and Christian architecture.

                                                     Hagia Sophia exterior and interior

                                                     Structural diagrams of the dome

                                                          Byzantine columns and arches

This week, I was amazed by how art, architecture, and spirituality came together in Early Christian and Byzantine design. The move from Roman practicality to Christian symbolism marked a powerful shift in interior space use.

Spaces weren’t just functional; they were meant to provoke emotion and devotion. I especially admired the detailed mosaics and the brilliant use of light in domed spaces. 

YouTube Video Review:
Title: "Hagia Sophia: A Symbol of Christian and Islamic Architecture"
Link: [Insert YouTube link]
Summary: This documentary explains the complex history of the Hagia Sophia and how its design reflects Byzantine ideals. The visuals are stunning and help reinforce what we learned this week.